U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights

The Theory Of Biological Evolution - 1192 Words

Social Darwinism is defined as the application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs. It was used to justify and clarify many notions of nationalism and imperialism. Science played a huge role in the coming about of this new discovery but in reality, the society shaped the science of what it was about. Charles Darwin was the root of new era and was profound to come up with the theory of evolution. His theory had become one the fundamental unifying principles of modern biology and led to questioning in regards to what was previously stated in the past. In the 19th century, the United States and Europe underwent tons of changes. Because of the Industrial Revolution, Americans were off of the farms, and moved into the cities to work in offices and factories. Steel manufacturing became the dominant industry with an abundance of iron coal. There was easy access to cheap water transportation routes which aided in speeding the nation’s economy. In Europe, they too experienced the rise of industrialization; Europeans were also leaving the farms to migrate to cities in search of jobs, technology and trade. However, this new liberal capitalism upset the balance of power in the European society causing unrest. Prior to the 19th Century, religion provided the moral, governing perimeters throughout a society. Colonization, up until this point, was justified by divine right. Commoners did not question those in power; they were afraid of the ramificationsShow MoreRelatedDarwin s Theory Of Biological Evolution1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Evolution refers to the processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today† (Campbell, 1993). However, a lot of things can change over a period of time. The â€Å"Father of Evolution† who is known as Charles Darwin, developed the theory of biological evolution. This theory has long been debated during and after darwin s time. Biological evolution can be seen through a momentous change in organisms by changing of the genetic compositionRead MoreThe Life Of Charles Robert Darwin s Theory Of Biological Evolution1612 Words   |  7 PagesEVOLUTION RESEARCH PAPER Bushra Alkarmi – 9th grade I. Introduction Charles Robert Darwin (born 1809; died 1882) was a British naturalist, geologist, and biologist. Darwin defined evolution as descent with modification based on the idea that species change over time giving rise to new species that share a common ancestor. In 1837-1839, Darwin proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection. Because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits that favor survivalRead MoreThe Theory Of Natural Selection963 Words   |  4 Pages Life is evolution. Humans continuously try to keep up with the latest trends in an attempt to remain relevant in society. In the past ten years, humans have evolved immensely with the introduction, development, and integration of technology into their culture. Virtually everything can be found on the internet. Pictures and documents are being shared through cloud storage rather than being shared directly with a physical document, and doing homework online is now the norm. People have adapted toRead MoreBill Nye Vs Ken Ham1661 Words   |  7 Pagesof the theory of evolution on children, we need to take the child back to the correct view of the world in this debate, and it is a good opportunity to let people know more about God, and the spread of the Gospel. Ken Ham s position is creationism. He believes that people are not evolved, because God created human, and then human evolution. That is, if there is no God, humans would not have evolved. From the content point of view, creationism is opposed to idealistic theory of biological evolution;Read MoreAnthropology and Its Branches1728 Words   |  7 Pagesscience in the late 18th century, it developed two divisions: physical anthropology, which focuses on human Evolution and variation, using methods of Physiology, Anthropometry, Genetics, and Ecology; and cultural anthropology , which includes Archaeology, Ethnology, Social Anthropology, and Linguistics. Anthropology is a holistic subject that covers all facets of human life including biological, cultural as well as economic. There are various branches of anthropology like cultural, linguistic, forensicRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution Essay1353 Words   |  6 PagesThe ongoing scientific investigation of how exactly evolution occurred and continues to occur has been an argumentative idea amongst society since Darwin first articulated it over a century ago. The scientific basis of evolution accounts for happenings that are also essential concerns of religion; both religion and science focus on the origins of humans and of biological diversity. For instance, in the reading â€Å"Truth Cannot Contradict Truth,† Pope John Paul II, addressing the Pontifical Academy ofRead MoreConflicts Between Science and Religion1662 Words   |  7 PagesIn science, evolution is one of the basic templates for understanding the biology of an organism or ecological unit. Essentially, it is the cha nge in inherited traits of a population through a process called natural selection in which only the strongest traits are appropriately adapted to the environment in question. Those traits from parents who are healthier and live longer are then passed down to future generations where the traits are amplified if the organism thrives. Evolution, then, is theRead MoreEvolution And Evolution Of Evolution1154 Words   |  5 Pages EVOLUTION Evolution is a scientific theory that was first introduced in the mid 1800’s and it refers to the biological changes that take place within a population of a specific species over the course of many generations. This theory was one of the most scientifically groundbreaking discoveries of our time, and since its discovery, scientists have been working hard to find more and more evidence on the subject. Although there is much controversy on the subject of evolution, it is hard to ignoreRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Abuse929 Words   |  4 PagesScientific Abuse Darwin, the name widely recognized as the grandfather of evolution, describes evolution as â€Å"organ, instinct, or any whole being...arriving at its present state by many graduated steps† (Darwin 158). The struggle for survival forces organisms to evolve gradually and adapt to their environment, therefore increasing their chances of survival. Darwin furthers his theories into the origins of species in which he explains how â€Å"several breeds to which each has attended, are descended fromRead MoreBiological Psychology1169 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Psychology Kirstyn Mixa PSY/340 November 19, 2010 Brigitte Crowell Biological Psychology As a study, psychology has many branches within itself. Each thought of psychology throughout history has brought about another school of psychology. Psychology or philosophy enthusiasts and scholars alike have taken interests in not only understanding the themes of psychology but have contributed to the creation of another branch. So, of course, somewhere along the line was the dawning of

The effect of conflict management on bank performance free essay sample

1. 1Background of the Study Conflict is generally regarded as a disagreement regarding interests or ideas (Esquivel and Kleiner, 1997). Organizational conflict is the discord that occurs when the goals, interests or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible and those individuals or groups block or tend to frustrate each other’s attempt to achieve their objectives. These actions and reactions make conflict an inevitable part of organizational life since the goals of different stakeholders such as managers and staff are often incompatible (Jones et al, 2000). Bagshaw (1998) noted that conflict is a fact of life, in organization as well as other areas of life, as people compete for jobs, resources, power, acknowledgement and security. Dealing with conflict is difficult because it arouses primitive emotions such as people feeling threatened, which creates a version of the age old stress responses: fight or flight. Proper management of conflict leads to organizational productivity and effectiveness. Effective conflict management is the concept of how an organization is achieving planned objectives by harnessing the individual’s and groups’ efforts. According to Richard et al (2007) organizational performance, plus the plethora of internal performance outcomes normally associated with more efficient or effective operations and other external measures, relate to considerations that are broader than those simply associated with economic valuation such as corporate social responsibility. Ensuring effective conflict management tends to be a crucial part of managerial actions in an organization. to reduce industrial conflict, managers have engaged in building relationships with all subordinates, planning for the upcoming period, conducting basic training, fostering inter personal communications and developing procedure for routine tasks with the involvement of employees, (www. google. com). The development of procedures for routine tasks with the input of employees could motivate employees as they would feel that their contribution to organizational performance is essential and publicly recognized. This will lead to increase productivity, commitment and job satisfaction. Conflict management enhance creative problem solving, enabling people to turn conflict situations into constructive learning opportunities, developing creative and more appropriate solutions, preserving relationships, saving time and money, empowering people to resolve their own disputes and creations of more durable outcomes. In Pennsylvania (USA), for example, the concept of conflict management was employed by the Board of Central Rail Road to avert the negative impact of poor decisions of the company’s management. Stephen (1990:591-605). The concept of conflict management was also used in Omega, a Swiss Company, to improve their organizational structure in a way that fostered collaboration and enhance the company’s continued success, (Henry, 2009:16-24). Other benefits according to the integrationist view as cited by Sev (2002) claims that conflicts enhance organization’s effectiveness by stimulating change and improving decision making. Conflict is functional when it initiates search for new and better ways of doing things. Conflict is a discord that connotes with its negative aspect that will hamper productivity, lower morale, and hinder group performance, or create competing coalitions or reduce productivity. (https:\\www. google. com) Some instances of organizational responses to conflicts would suffice at this juncture. There was the nationwide ASUU strike in 1996. Rather than address the staff agitation for improved welfare and salary structure, the Federal Government ordered them to resume work or face penalty. Such fiat compliance were the common practices in traditional industrial and managerial behaviors, but the trend has consistently shifted in contemporary times (Wikipedia. org). Clearly, conflict and differences of opinions always exist in all organizations; from such differences new and better objective methods of conflict resolution emerge McShane and Glinow (2000). Attempts to enhance the beneficial attributes of conflicts have resulted in management devising different policies, rules and regulations in the organization. In modern organizational systems, collective bargaining and problem solving are widely used tools to resolve conflicts and strengthen the pact between employers and employees. The essence of bargaining is to facilitate agreement on specific terms, with both parties giving concessions in an objective manner, (Sev 2004). In Nigeria, the concept of conflict management and resolution has been employed in diverse organizations as reported by Hotepo et al (2010), diverse view of conflicts and conflict management practices were discussed. Their study focused on service organizations in Nigeria from which they developed ways of improving organizational performance and productivity. However, many perceived conflict as dysfunctional, destructive, and unpleasant fact in an organization (Henry, 2009). Notwithstanding, it has been proved that conflict can also be beneficial as it tend to encourage creativity, new looks at old condition, better clarification of points of view, and the development of management capabilities to resolve differences (Russell, 1976:13-21). The crux of this research is to explore the dynamics of conflict resolutions in relation to organizational performance in Nigerian organization. As captured in the research topic, we shall examine the sources of organizational conflicts and their effects on performance using Keystone Bank Plc (Bank PHB) as a case study. 1. 2Statement of the Problem Businesses nowadays are operating in a turbulent environment where organizations are searching for measures that will allow them to improve their performance and competitiveness. Economic challenges and political issues may occupy the centre stage, but internal wrangling among staff; union demands for improved welfares and the myriads of corporate social responsibilities also impact greatly on organizational performance. In the face of these challenges many organizations have continued to blaze the trail, for example, first bank, access bank and zenith bank while many others such as Allstate Trust Bank, Savannah Bank, and Fortune Bank have given in to fate. The fluxes in the banking sectors present some peculiar issues relevant to our discourse. In keystone bank there were unprecedented mass retrenchment of staff, undue pressure on labour for deposit mobilization, and threat of job insecurity. These issues have inadvertently drawn labour against management with mixed outcomes in keystone bank. In the main, the outcome were largely unproductive such as low morale, low productivity, cynicism, distrust, high employee turnover, absenteeism, defects, high job dissatisfaction, and low loyalty to the organization in the bank all of which have affected the bank negatively. Management of keystone bank was taken to task as they confront labour unions that are trying to protect the interests of their members; and, as well as, assure stockholders of security of their investments and potential returns. These issues lingered for awhile and most people tend to attribute the performance problem that led to the nationalization of the bank to this persistent conflict in the bank. It is against this background that this study is undertaken to ascertain the effect of conflict on the performance of Keystone Bank especially at the Makurdi branch. 1. 3Research Objectives The main objective of this study is to examine the effects of conflict management on the performance of Keystone Bank, Makurdi branch. The following specific objectives shall also be explored in this study. 1. To determine the major causes of conflict in Keystone Bank Makurdi branch 2. To determine the adoption and practice of conflict resolution in Keystone Bank, Makurdi branch. 3. To determine if conflict management in Keystone Bank can increase the organizational productivity. 4. To determine if conflict management can improve the quality of decision in Keystone Bank Makurdi branch. 5. To ascertain if conflict management result in job satisfaction/ commitment in Keystone Bank Makurdi branch 1. 4Research Questions This will seek answers to the following research questions: 1. What are the major causes of conflict in Keystone Bank, Makurdi branch 2. To what extent do keystone bank practice conflict resolution? 3. To what extent do conflict management in Keystone bank increase organization’s productivity? 4. To what extent does conflict management improve the quality of decisions in Keystone bank, Makurdi branch? 5. To what extent do conflict management result in job satisfaction /commitment in Keystone Bank, Makurdi branch. 1. 5Research Hypotheses HO1: Conflict management in Keystone Bank, Makurdi branch significantly does not increase productivity. HO2: Conflict management in Keystone Bank, Makurdi branch significantly does not improve the quality of decisions in the bank. HO3: Conflict management significantly does not result in job satisfaction/ commitment in Keystone Bank, Makurdi branch. 1. 6Significance of the Study The significance of this study lies in the fact that at the end of this research, the minds of the masses will be illuminated as to the impact of conflict management on organizational performance. This research work will be of great use to the management of Keystone Bank knowing the best strategy to employ in managing conflict so as to benefit both parties (employers and employees). It will also help them to learn how to recognize and benefit from their differences in the bank. To students and other researchers, the study will go a long way to increase the existing body of knowledge in the area of conflict management. 1. 7Scope of the Study Since this research work is a semester work, the researcher intends limit to Keystone Bank Plc, Makurdi branch alone and placed much emphasis on the influence of conflict management. Organizational performance was also brought in to know how effective an organization can be if organizational conflict are properly managed. 1. 8limitations of the Study This study was inevitably limited by some factors such as follows: Finance: in availability of finance was a great constraint to the research. This forced the researcher to limit the scope of the study to only one branch of keystone bank instead of studying more branches. Time: time also constitute a great constraint in this study, since the researcher was expected to finish this study within just two semesters, the range of data for investigation was scaled down to only 5years in order to facilitate timely completion of the study. This therefore limits the extent of applicability of the study findings and results. 1. 9Definition of Terms 1. Conflict: Is a process which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. 2. Chase: A very big difference between two people of groups. 3. Discord: Is want of agreement; absence of unity or harmony in sentiment or action; variance leading to contention and strife; disagreement; applied to persons or to things, and to thoughts, feelings, or purposes. 4. Productivity: Is the amount of output per unit of input (labour, equipment, capital). 5Stakeholder: A person or company that has interest in an organization. 1. 10 Profile of Keystone Bank Plc Keystone Bank Limited commonly referred to as keystone bank is a commercial bank in Nigeria. The bank is one of the commercial bank licensed by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) the national banking regulator. On Friday 5th august 2011, keystone bank limited was issued a commercial banking license by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). On the same day CBN revoked the banking license of Bank PHB. Keystone bank assumed the assets and some liabilities of the now defunct Bank PHB. Mission and Vision To deliver superior performance and be the preferred partner. Keystone bank vision encompasses setting the pace in financial service delivery creating utmost value for its stockholders. Kind of Business Keystone bank offers banking service to large corporations, public institutions, small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) and individual. The bank is a large financial service provider in Nigeria as of January 2012, the exact asset valuation of the bank and the valuation of its shareholders are not publicly known. The Organizational Structure Keystone Bank Plc, Makurdi branch is structured by function, headed by a branch manager. The branch has two departments which include the marketing and operations department which are all headed by a manager who is subordinate to the branch manager. In the operation department are units such as, customer service, fund transfer admin and cash unit. The customer service unit handles all enquires as regards the branch, the fund transfer unit takes care of intra/ interbank transfer of funds. The admin unit which has subunits such as security, cleaner and drivers has the responsibilities of job design, recruitment, selection and training, staff promotion, motivation and staff discipline. The cashiers unit handles cash related issues. The Organizational Chart of Keystone Bank Plc Makurdi MAKURDI BRANCH Branch Manager Marketing manager Operation manager MARKETING DEPARTMENTOPERATION DEPARTMENT Source: http://www. Keystonebank. com OBJECTIVES OF THE BANK. The main objectives of Keystone Bank plc are to earn satisfactory profits by providing innovative solutions to the customers with passion, which creates optimal value for the shareholders. Ideally profits must be earned for any business to remain in existence. The bank needs a good profit to be able to raise new funds in the market to build up resources and to strengthen the bank’s business. contact : [emailprotected] com for the Complete material

JP Hayes Essays (1096 words) - Colonial Mexico, Encomenderos

JP Hayes Mr. Bevington Enhlish H 24 August 2017 Literature During the expeditions to the new world, European's wrote letters back to home to illustrate the landscape and natives that they encountered. There were many explorers who came to the new world, but Hernan Cortes and Samual De Champlain changed how Europeans viewed the new word and also how the natives lived there. In their own ways both explorers caused vast violence, tried to unwillingly spread their religion, and created a bias viewpoint on the new world for Europeans. When Cortes first wrote back to Spain after arriving in the Aztec city of Tenochittlan he described the city to be just as or even more beautiful and advanced then Spain. From walking around the city and talking to natives Cortes was able to learn that these people worship multiple idols and not just one main god. The Aztecs also practiced human sacrifices a great deal which was insane for Cortes to process. He believed the Aztecs were devil worshipers and so, he tried to persuade them into becoming catholic but it did not work. Cortes wrote letters back to the people of Spain saying the natives are devil worshipers that kill each other all the time. While Cortez spoke of the cruelty that went on with the Aztecs he decided to take over their city. Him and his men made alliances with tribes around Mexico and with their numbers and firepower Cortes successfully conquered the Aztecs. In doing so Cortes killed many men and woman which is while he originally started to turn on them. Wh en Cortes saw the Aztecs killing he spoke of them as monsters but really he killed great numbers of people making him just as guilty of being a monster. Samual De Champlain also justified violence like Cortes did in the new world. Champlain was a French explorer in the new world who was mapping geographical locations. While in the northeastern part of North America he came across a group of native Americans. They saw his weapons and men and asked Champlain for his help in a battle against an enemy tribe. Soon after the battle took place in the early morning and the enemies were no match for Champlain's men and guns. The Indian's he helped as usual took around ten prisoners and brought them back to their camp site. At the camp site the prisoners were tortured close to death and Champlain just observed and wrote about it. He sent letters back to France telling about the natives being wild and naive beast that torture one another. Champlain was in the wrong to speak of the natives like that to the Europeans because he helped kill Indians and torture methods were being on people back in Europe. Originally Cortes's expedition to Mexico that would end with him conquering the Aztecs was not suppose to happen. Velazquez who was positioned over Cortez cancelled his expedition to Mexico but Cortes did not obey orders and continued to sail over. The chances of finding new land with rich resources motivated Cortes to go through with his exploration. He reached Tenochittlan and told of the land to be beautiful, full of wildlife, and vast with resources. In all likelihood Cortes wanted it all for himself or for his country but the Aztec people were standing in his way. He needed a reason to get rid of them and it was their religion and beliefs like human sacrifice that would get them killed. While the Aztec's practices may have poked Cortez in the wrong place it could not have been enough to make him want to take them over because he was a killer himself. The real reason he conquered Tenochtitlan was for the land and resources it provided. Champlain never conquered a whole city bu t he does show greed for land like Cortes. While Champlain fought with a native American tribe he was able to see how they fight and what strategies they used. He also wrote letters back home speaking about the natives he met and he said they were very naive and easy to defeat. Champlain promised the natives he fought with that their two sides could stay friendly but

Valley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp Essays

Valley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp Essays Valley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp Essay Valley Homes v Ace Minerals Corp Essay we identified several legal issues that Valley Homes, a small manufacturing and selling prefabricated dwellings company, encountered from the moment they decided to submit a bid on the Ace Minerals project.

Talking About Pop Music and Musicians

Talking About Pop Music and Musicians Getting teenagers and younger students to talk can be a real challenge. This lesson focuses on using a True or False game as a means of motivation to get them discussing their favorite types of music and musicians. Pop Music Lesson Plan Aim: Getting teenage students to converse in English Activity: True of False game Level: Intermediate Outline: Activate vocabulary by asking students about a number of musicians, names of instruments, verbs used in speaking about music, etc.Divide the students into small groups and give the students the Music: True or False handout.Ask students to discuss each statement and decide if it is true or false giving reasons for their decision.Go through each statement selecting a student from each group to give their opinion Scoring: one point for a correct answer, 0 points for a simple true or false, one point for an explanation, one point for a grammatically correct explanation. Total possible points on any given question: Three. One for the correct answer, one for an explanation, and an extra point for a grammatically correct answer. Extend exercise by having students create True or False statements of their own to be shared with other groups. Music: True or False Decide if each statement is true or false. Explain to members of your group why you think the answer is true or false. The Back Street Boys were originally named The Boys Next DoorMadonna has decided to give up her career in singing and become a nun beginning in 2002.Elvis Presley said, I dont know anything about music. In my line you dont have to.Rock and Roll music was first approved of by the US Government because of its patriotic message during World War II.In its early years, rock and roll music was believed to make teenagers crazy, drug-deranged, and/or promiscuous.Rap music star - Vanilla Ices real name is Robert Van Winkle.The Spice Girls have all been trained as classical musicians. Each member of the group is not only a wonderful singer, but can also play an instrument at a professional level.In 1994, singer/musician Paul McCartney sent back his razor, shaving cream, and other products to the Gillette Co. to protest the manufacturers use of animals in the product testing.Luciano Pavarotti cant read music.The Red Hot Chili Peppers are based in Spokane, Washington where they grew up. Keep reading to find the correct answers to these statements. True or False Game Answers See how well you did! The Back Street Boys were originally named The Boys Next Door -  FALSE Madonna has decided to give up her career in singing and become a nun beginning in 2002. -  FALSE Elvis Presley said, I dont know anything about music. In my  line  you dont have to. -  TRUE Rock and Roll music was first approved of by the US Government because of its patriotic message during World War II. -  FALSE In its early years, rock and roll music was believed to make teenagers crazy, drug-deranged, and/or promiscuous. -  TRUE Rap music star - Vanilla Ices real name is Robert Van Winkle. -  TRUE The Spice Girls have all been trained as classical musicians. Each member of the group is not only a wonderful  singer,  but can also play an instrument at a professional level. -  FALSE In 1994, singer/musician Paul McCartney sent back his razor, shaving cream, and other products to the Gillette Co. to protest the manufacturers use of animals in the product testing. -  TRUE Luciano Pavarotti cant read music. -  TRUE The Red Hot Chili Peppers are based in Spokane, Washington where they grew up. -  FALSE

Researched Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Researched Argument - Essay Example However, the success of the industry is not free of blemish. In the year 2010, a study approximated the number of users of the drugs non-medically and therefore without prescriptions as 7.0 million which represented 2.7 % of the American population (Drugs and Corbett et al.). The drugs abused by the American population range from pain relievers, and stimulants to sedatives and tranquilizers. The extent of the abuse has seen the addiction of some people to the drugs. The blame for this scenario lies in the pharmaceutical companies that influence the medical practice through the use of misleading commercials and making payments for medical practitioners and experts. However, we should delve into the use of alternative medicine in preference to the prescription drugs to reduce the wrongs that have resulted from the marketing of the drugs. Misleading advertisements Some of the companies that make the prescription drugs that are common in everyday life use misleading statements in their p roduct marketing to create the view that their products are better (Weber 98). The promotion of Darvon, a prescription drug intended for pain from surgery and fractures was studied with the results painting a clear picture of this argument. The promotional literature said the drug was better than aspirin. In the study, the opinions of physicians were reviewed. Although the physicians claimed to base their opinions on science, almost half believed the statement used in the drug’s promotion despite the fact that no results showed this to be true ("Drug Company Gifts to Doctors"). As such, the promotion of the drug misled the physicians into viewing the drug as the best option. Therefore, the reliance on prescription drugs due to the opinion of the physician should be avoided as they may be misled. Influence of medical practitioners The pharmaceutical companies are trying to strengthen the circulation of their drugs by influencing the medical practitioners to have preferences fo r their medication (Weber 47). This is done through the provision of little gifts to the physician. A case in the American Medical Association journal provides an illustration of this. The case describes an insect bite patient who has gone to the hospital to seek attention. An intern made a sensible decision to prescribe penicillin, which would be an inexpensive and suitable treatment. However, the resident thought otherwise prescribing a treatment that was more â€Å"modern† and describing the patient as â€Å"severely† ill. This option would cost the patient $183 for every day he received the new and modern antibiotic ("Drug Company Gifts to Doctors"). However, after some digging into the issue by the house officers’ supervisor who doubled up as the attending physician, it came to light that the resident’s decision was influenced. A drug representative of the drug company had wined and dined the resident prior to the developments. This shows that the re sident’s and some physicians’ decisions were not based on the best choice of treatment as they are influenced by gifts by the drug companies which adopt these as part of their marketing strategy. In some cases, the gifts to the practitioners are monetary. This is evidenced by stories published in the New York Times. In one article, there is a report of the federal law for health care requiring disclosure of payments to medical practitio

The argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

The argument - Essay Example According to some sectors, it would actually be beneficial to all concerned if the high school students are not made to wear uniforms to school. Those who oppose the move for high school students to wear school uniforms are mostly students themselves who feel such school regulations are meant to stifle their creativity and ability to express themselves freely through their mode of dress. As it is, all public schools already have a Dress Code that falls under the student Code of Conduct handbook. In most cases the dress code clearly states: (Sanko, Manda â€Å"Should Public School Students Wear Uniforms?†): ..a "No Go" section that includes: flip flops, showing of midriffs or bra straps, tank tops with a strap thinner than one inch, skirts shorter than the tips of you fingers with arms at side, extremely baggy pants, showing of boxers, guys wearing wife beaters, etc. With such rules pre-existing in the Dress Code, students already know what they are allowed to wear and not wear in school. Parents are already forced to buy clothes that adhere to the school dress code. Students believe that the aforementioned dress code already creates a type of uniform that they have to adhere to in order to attend school. Therefore, they do not see any need to wear an actual school uniform. Students who attend schools that already implement the school uniform dictum claim it is actually easier for them to attend school wearing a uniform because they no longer have to match up their clothes for an acceptable look in school. It helps the students look more professional (Lammers, Jacob â€Å"School Uniforms, Dress Code Cause Stir, Acceptance Among Students†) and in a way, helps boost their self esteem as well. After all, high school is all about standing out and finding ones self. One cannot be expected to do that if the powers that be in school insist that all the students march to the same drummer. School uniforms may have been all the rage during the past era but

American history Essay Example for Free

American history Essay Sternberg ultimately suggests that Intelligence can be improved, and there are a number of findings to support his theory. There have been 2 very controversial pieces of research and publications however which not only disagree with the main principals of Sternbergs theory, but have also provoked uproar since they have been released. The first publication which was to cause huge heated debate all over the world was that published by Jenson (1969), who said that those of Black origin scored on average 15 points below that of White people. He suggested that this was mainly due to the genetic makeup of Black people and that although environment may have been a factor; the main reason is the hereditability of intelligence. The next piece of literature which caused so much commotion when it was released was the Bell Curve by Herrnstein an Murray (1994), which agrees with Jensons research, and also points out that those of low intellectual ability will generally lead difficult lives, are more likely to be inadequate parents themselves, and are also more likely to turn to drink, drugs and crime. Although these comments are highly controversial and politically incorrect, some of the points made are more than likely to be true, and can go some way to explaining why people find themselves in that position, however it would only be accurate if two factors did not play huge parts in the intelligence levels of individuals, the culture that individuals are exposed to, and the fact that intelligence is not fixed, and that there are plenty of studies that give evidence to back this up. The test that Jenson gave to the Black and White subjects in 1969 was no doubt culturally biased towards the white subjects, due to the levels of prosperity and education that each group were subjected to previously. Further studies have shown that Black children who were adopted by prosperous white families, and were subjected to the same level of schooling demonstrated improved levels of intelligence over children who had a similar genetic background. Adoption studies like these have often proven to be strong evidence for the nurture side of the debate; however one final area of concern in the nature/nurture debate is the topic of eugenics. Eugenics is the idea created by Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911), who was interested in the success of English dog breeders, who bred the strongest and best dogs together, and created many different varieties. He decided to start a movement which looked at the possibility of weeding out the bad individuals from the good stock by getting humans to breed with those who have good properties and attributes, a fairly sick proposition even for the 19th century, and it was soon shut down because people decided to breed for love rather than genes. But nonetheless the term eugenics was created, and perhaps the most relevant example of eugenics in history is the Immigration Restrictions Act (1924) which was passed in America by President Coolidge, who was said to have proclaimed America must be kept American as he signed the bill. On that day eugenicists are known to have won one of the greatest scientific racist battles in American history. Bibliography Cardwell, C. M. (2000). Psychology for A-level. London: Harper Collins. Dworetzky, J. (1994). Psychology. Minneapolis: West Publishing Company. Gross, R. (2005). Psychology, The science of mind and behaviour. London: Hodder Arnold. Hill, G. (2001). AS Level Psychology through Diagrams. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Handouts T. Kearns

Anne Moodys Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Anne Mo

Coming of Age in Mississippi   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anne Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi, talked extensively about the civil rights movement that she had participated in. The civil rights movement dealt with numerous issues that many people had not agreed with. Coming of Age in Mississippi gave the reader a first hand look at the efforts many people had done to gain equal rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anne Moody, like many other young people, joined the civil rights movement because they wanted to make a difference in their state. They wanted their freedom and the same rights as the white people had. Many other young people joined the civil rights movement because they felt that a change was needed in the way black people were treated. They felt that this change would not come if they did not join the civil rights movement. Anne Moody was a strong believer of black rights and felt that it was important for her to help black people fight for equal rights. These civil rights workers felt that their freedom would only come if most of the black community supported the efforts of the civil rights workers. Anne Moody, and other young people, thought that the only way that they would get equal rights for black people was to prove that they really wanted them. These civil rights workers, for example, showed that they really did care by joining various civil rights orga nizations and engaging in Freedom Marches. These Freedom marches were very organized, and they occurred all over the United States, which proved that black people wanted the same rights as the white people had. Anne Moody, and many other young people, joined the civil rights movement because they felt a change was needed and that it was their duty to fight for equal rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anne Moody had thought about joining the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), but she never did until she found out one of her roommates at Tougaloo college was the secretary. Her roommate asked, â€Å"why don’t you become a member† (248), so Anne did. Once she went to a meeting, she became actively involved. She was always participating in various freedom marches, would go out into the community to get black people to register to vote. She always seemed to be working on getting support from the black community, sometimes to the point of exhaustion. Son after she joined the NAACP, she met a girl that was the secretary to the ... ...tunity Commission that prevented discrimination in the workplace. Anne Moody was very optimistic about the desegregation cases. She always tested the Supreme Court decision of Brown versus the Board of Education numerous times by doing sit-ins and freedom marches. She was determined to fight for her rights, despite numerous threats against her life. When Kennedy was assassinated, she was devastated. Anne really thought that Kennedy was the answer that she and other members of SNCC were waiting for. She walked around in a daze wondering what would happen next. Governmental leaders were essential during the civil rights movement. Without the help of government officials, black people would not have had the same rights they have today. Anne Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi, talked extensively about the civil rights movement that she had participated in. The civil rights movement proved successful in achieving equal rights for Black Americans, despite strong opposition. Black Americans got equal rights because of the untiring efforts young people, like Anne Moody, had. Without the efforts of these young people, the role of Black Americans in society may have been different today.

Dracula Essay

Good vs. Evil has long been expressed through movies and books throughout history. Batman beating the Joker, Spiderman banishing the Green Goblin, and Arthur and the guys defeating Dracula are all examples of literature based on the theme Good vs. Evil. In Bram Stokers, Dracula, Jonathan Harker represents the good, while the vampire, Dracula, represents the evil antagonist. One thing these four pieces share is that evil never fully overcomes good. They all start off as regular human beings, or on the good side, until their spirit and soul becomes taken over by a sense of evil. Gothic elements, such as, an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, supernatural events, gloom and horror, the tyrannical male, and the woman in distress are all present in these stories. The movie Interview with a Vampire, The Singing Springing Lark, and the story Interview with a Vampire can relate to Dracula because of their themes and gothic elements. The movie Interview with a Vampire is very similar to the story Dracula. It starts off in a dark night scene filled with dull and heavy music. Also, during the fight scene, the setting included thunderstorms and pouring rain. This shows metonymy because the dark and heavy music represents death and terror and the thunderstorms and rain were used to create a setting of darkness and fear. Other gothic elements shown in this movie were Lucy’s pale skin, the castle setting, and the exchanging of blood. In the Lindauer 2 story Dracula, Lucy’s skin starts to become very pale because she has been bitten by Dracula, which is what happened in the movie. This represents the gothic element tyrannical male, because of Dracula’s presentation of overpowering the other characters, more specifically Mina and Lucy. This directly relates to the gothic element women in distress because the women in both stories were treated poorly and were taken advantage of due to their weaknesses. In the story, The Singing Springing Lark, there are also many similarities to Dracula. For example, as in Interview with a Vampire also, most of the scenes take place in a castle. This shows the gothic element setting in a castle. As in most stories, a castle usually represents evil spirits and terror, which Dracula and the Beast both represent. Another gothic element shown is an atmosphere of mystery and suspense. In the story, the prince was hesitant to meet the girl’s family because â€Å"for if a ray from a burning light were to fall on him there, he would be transformed into a dove, and would have to fly with doves for seven years.† This is an important quote because in the story Dracula, the boys had figured out that Dracula’s evil spirit was weakest during the times of sunrise and sunset. If they didn’t get to him before the sun set, his powers were going to be restored. In other words, the change from dark to light represents a change from evil to good. In the story Interview with a Vampire, the plot line is almost exactly the same. For example, â€Å"The mere sight of a bared throat could bring about in me such a taste of arousal that I became like an animal, incapable of language or restraint.† This quote shows tyrannical male because it compares how Armand and Dracula are both similar in the way they kill their prey. They both attack where the blood is rich just like animals do and dominate their prey. It also Lindauer 3 shows a sexual side because the mere fact of killing got both of these characters aroused. For example, â€Å"With his left hand he held both Mrs. Harker’s hands, keeping them away with her arms at full tension; his right hand gripped her by the back of the neck, forcing her face down on his bosom. Her white nightdress was smeared with blood, and a thin stream trickled down the man’s bare breast which was shown by his torn-open dress.†(Stoker 283) This quote shows women in distress because it describes how Mina, in a sense, was raped. Just Armand, Dracula finds pleasure in killing, and transforming good into evil. One thing that all of these pieces share is that evil never overcomes good. Although evil makes its presence known and dominates at first, good prevails in the end. The movie Interview with a Vampire, The Singing Springing Lark, and the story Interview with a Vampire can relate to Dracula because of their themes and gothic elements. As Theodore Roosevelt’s once said, â€Å"The forces that tend for evil are great and terrible, but the forces of truth and love and courage and honesty and generosity and sympathy are stronger than any before.†

Body of Speech

About it: This speech can be delivered by any anchor or host, who is member of any NGO/social organization to start a program being organized to spread awareness regarding importance of blood donation in today's life. Body of Speech It's an honor itself to honor this beautiful audience who gather here for the cause of humanity. We wish a very warm welcome to all of you and a heartily congratulations be a part of this social event. I assure you that this event will definitely results in positive directions and will help in saving someone's life in future.This program is being organized to spread the awareness for blood donation & its importance in today's life. As we all know that blood is a base of every human life and there is no life without blood, this makes its value priceless. Blood donation is a great example of altruism in action. The most important thing about donating a blood is that it should be a voluntary donation therefore we have organized this event. Ask few question f rom yourself.. Have you ever visited Hospitals? Have you ever saw any major accident case? Have you ever saw any patient suffering from a major disease in which blood is required to save his/her life. If your answer is YES then think about their lives! Their lives can be saved by just donating our blood. If you look at the statistics of population of a country and the number of road accidents and other major disease in which a patient is urgently required blood, then you will realize how important donating blood is. As the demand and supply is already differs a lot, therefore this gap can be filled by an active participating in Voluntary Blood Donation programs. Can you assume the extent of happiness of victims or patients family after saving his life? It is the real feeling of heart that occurs in their wishes.Many of us have myths about donating blood. Some People says it affect our health and makes us weak. Some people avoid it for their traditional and religious thoughts. And so me people even say that it against their cast and religion. So my dear friends, we would like to clear your doubts regarding all these myths that these myths and thoughts have no meaning. The color of blood is only one that is RED; it has no religion, no cast. The donating of blood is totally safe and has no effect upon the health of one's, though the time gap and other measure of safety and quality must be taken into effect before donating the blood.The organization collecting the blood will ensure all these factors itself before collecting the blood. We usually see many articles on the internet, and books and even there are many awareness campaigns happens in schools and colleges, just like this event we are organizing here. We all must have to give our best to contribute and make other people aware about it. At the end we would like to say that we have a team of doctors to clear all your doubts and queries regarding it. And other useful stuffs to help saving someone's life. Thank s and Regards. Sachin Kumar Do well, Get well, Be well.

Virtual Organization

Virtual Organization Free Online Research Papers The changing dynamic of customer needs and business environment impose new ideas and concepts. One of these is the virtual organization (VO). This type of organization can be established and dissolved quickly to respond to rapidly changing market opportunities. It is hard and sometimes impossible for a single organization to react to market demand and opportunities. Organizations develop a network of corporations that are familiar with each other and then define some rules of co-operation for a specific project, which would help all the involved benefit from the collaboration. The main emphasis of the VO is to complement and share resources in order to improve competitiveness as a whole and enable competition on a larger scale (Ulrich, 2001, p. 50). The enabling factor that allows this form of organization is technology, namely the major advances of the Information and communication technology (ICT). The approach of this briefing paper would be one of a consultant guiding an organization through the process of virtualness. Prior to diving into the key issues that an organization faces and if these key matters are being addressed or not, let us first identify the mechanisms o f a VO. The literature on VO offers a wide spectrum of life cycle models. Sieber (1998) recognized five stages in the development of a VO â€Å"creation of a complementary resource base, co-operation of partners by a common business understanding, integration of the resource base by a transaction governance system, formulation of a common network strategy, and socialization by trust between the partners involved† (Sieber, 1998). Creating a complementary resource base will allow the organization to identify organizations with competencies outside of its own, for partnership potential, if there is a market need. These are different organizations that have different strategies, resources and objectives. They do not necessarily have to be corporation but could also be a group, or an individual. The co-operation of partners by a common business understanding has the underpinning agreement to form a VO from an open-ended network of different organizations, only if there is a market opportunity. The ground rules of participation in the VO are drawn out and agreed upon by all members. Formulation of a common network strategy, in this phase, the members of the network of business partners implicitly agree on the common strategy to use as a VO, the procedures that have to be in place, the way the exchange of knowledge would be carried out especially if patent issues are involved, the use of information and most i mportantly the quality of work. And socialization by trust between the partners involved, in the creation of the network phase, corporations most likely would address these issues of trust and socialization. Prior to initiating the contact with a group, a company or an individual for an operation in which different organizations jointly develop, produce, and market services, they would have known each other from prior collaborations or based on the expectation that together they have the competencies and resources to create added value for a specific customer or group of customers (Saabeel et al., 2002 p. 9). The participants would also bring with them an understanding of the networking phase. Again ICT is a fundamental factor in the coordination of activities in the various partners and each one of them should be able to bridge the difference of time and space for efficient communication. Some key matters organizations face related to virtualness are identified by Ulrich (2001, p. 46): selection of suitable partners and transaction costs resulting from trust development, organizational fit, multiple leaders. Each one of these points should be addressed by the organization as well. T he selection of suitable partners could take a long time but the development and acknowledgement of the company’s core competencies will allow entrance into various networks and build relationships within the network to identify potential partners. Transaction cost for the first time around cannot be avoided because of the relationship building involved and the manpower required setting up everything the face to face required, meetings, correspondences and infrastructure coordination, but from then on, it should be negligible unless it is new partnership. Once potential partners are identified, the technological and sociological factors should be analysed for a good organizational fit. Since the partnership could be between two or more organizations, multiple leaderships could be problematic and organizational boundaries need to be set carefully to efficiently manage the joint project and avoid cross-organizational problems that could translate into more complicated trust t ribulations. (Plant, Murrell, p. 2) identified key aspects of virtualness and organizational culture in relation to innovation. In their analysis, it came clear that an organizational mission statement, vision, and strategy has to incorporate an innovative organizational culture in order to be competitive and survive the ever changing market dynamics, customer requirements and market opportunities. At this age of information technology development, organizations are networked and they maintain their key competencies but are in a relentless quest of new partnerships and co-operation with other companies to reposition themselves, to be effective in the market place, and most importantly be innovative in research and development bringing new products to market. Each one does what they do best and complemented with the work of one or more organizations, they can share cost, resources, and knowledge to create and market new products or respond to a market opportunity. VO supports innovation pursu its and a prerogative to the successful execution of this endeavor is the existence of corporate culture of innovation between the organizations involved or the clear spelling out of this objective in the strategy and objectives of the VO. Innovative pursuits will not be the only outlet for VO; there is a plethora of venues to explore. As long as the strategy of the different organizations embroil a new stratagem for the VO, the goals and objective would be identified and with collaborative interchange of resources, ideas and effective work, communication and efficient use of ICT, success can be achieved by the VO. The effective use of knowledge, whether internal or external to the organization, requires a network. In the era of information technology, networked electronic communities thrive all over the Internet. Competitiveness of an organization whether virtual or not requires an interaction of knowledged-workers, systems and extra-corporate entities. This way, relationships could be formed with other organizations to share information to be more effective and to help position the organizations in short term relationships like virtualness, long-term market share and success. Organizations need to be continually repositioned to be effective in the market place. Skills enhancement is a fundamental activity for organizations that want to gain market share and be successful in the marketplace. The use of knowledge and market information is achieved partly from being a component of a larger network of organizational connectivity centered on the use and manipulation of both internal and exter nal knowledge (Plant, Murrell, p. 4). Tremendous benefits could be realized from successful execution of a virtual operation. Minimizing cost and increasing revenues are some of the main reasons why many corporations are operating, virtualness permits this by partnering with shared resources, cost, and improve competitiveness as a whole, along with the ability to compete at a larger scale than a single company alone could. Virtualness also allows the organization to be flexible and able to rapidly respond to market demands with the co-operation of one or more organizations. Virtualness provides an organization with the optimum value chain and the flexibility to be part of groups to deliver first class products to the marketplace, at the least cost possible, neither of which would have been possible for a single company to undertake. More importantly, being part of a network of large integrated companies helps an organization keep its finger on the pulse of the market place and demand, to leverage opportunities and sat isfy individual customer needs nationally and internationally. VO is such a new field that emerged from the information revolution, it is difficult to find quantifiable data to illustrate its benefits to a corporation. Nonetheless, let’s look at the Dell Computer Corporation (Dell) as an example. Founded in 1984 by Michael Dell, now employs approximately 30,000 employees worldwide and has annual revenue of $12 billion. Dell uses a variety of suppliers and customers order using the Internet from a list of available options. Based on the match of the different components that are specified by the customer, the order is routed dynamically to one of the suppliers that are carefully chosen by Dell and all the interfaces are done through Dell system. This makes Dell a VO because Dell does not carry any inventory but rather uses the suppliers who incur the cost of inventory but are in partnership with Dell, which guarantees a constant flow of orders for the suppliers. The div ersity of suppliers in partnership with Dell enables the organization to be abreast of technological development and innovation, which can in turn better satisfy customer requirements. Dell also aggressively searches for new partners and suppliers within the dynamic networked community (Saabeel et al., 2002 p. 9). VO is a promising organizational form of the 21st century; I would like to make few recommendations for organizations planning to go virtual. Firstly, be flexible, flexibility is essential to innovation although VO supports only certain types of innovations. Going virtual assumes some cultural changes from the departments or individuals that are going to be involved in the VO. The communications that accompany these structural changes are critical to the success of the VO as they provide opportunities for members to understand roles and responsibilities as the organization changes (Grabowski, Roberts, 1998, p. 17). Once roles and responsibilities are known and organizational changes are carefully articulate, the issue of trust will be faced and the best way of dealing with it would be a creating of an effective shared culture. Each organization comes in with its own culture and since culture is tacit, the VO needs to foster a shared culture, group meetings with lateral organizat ion forms would contribute to building this trust and culture. Some factors that would make the VO a failure are: lack of a share vision, not clearly identifying network members selected to participate, and having mission and goals incompatible with individual’s aspirations (Skyrme, 1999, p.6). Reference: Grabowski, M., Roberts, K.H. (1997). â€Å"Risk Mitigation in Virtual Organizations† Journal Of Computer-Mediated Communications Online. Internet. 27 October 2002. Available: ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue4/grabowski.html Plant, R., Murrell, S. â€Å"The Agile Organizations: Technology Innovation† Online. Internet. 27 October 2002. Available: miami.edu/~rplant Saabeel, W., Verduijn, T.M., Hagdorn, L., Kumar, K. â€Å"A model of virtual organisation: a structure and process perspective.† Vol. 4 No. 1 Page: 1-17 (current article). Electronic Journal of Organizational Virtualness. Online. Internet. 27 October 2002. Available: virtual-organization.net Skyrme, D. â€Å"Virtual Teaming and Virtual Organizations: 25 Principles of Proven Practice† Online. Internet. 27 October 2002. Available: skyrme.com/updates/u11.htm Su, Q., Chen, J., Lee, S. â€Å"Quality management systems design for virtual organizations.† Vol. 3 No. 5 Page: 65 79 (current article). Electronic Journal of Organizational Virtualness. Online. Internet. 27 October 2002. Available: virtual-organization.net Ulrich, F. â€Å"The Concept of Virtual Web Organisations and its Implications on Changing Market Conditions.† Vol. 3 No. 4 Page: 43-64 (current article). Electronic Journal of Organizational Virtualness. Online. Internet. 27 October 2002. Available: virtual-organization.net Research Papers on Virtual OrganizationOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part One

How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch

How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Understanding how the United States government works is critical to succeeding on the AP United States Government and Politics exam. That includes having a solid understanding about how each piece of the federal government works together. One of the key components of this is the checks and balances system, which is where each branch of government checksor limitsthe power of the others. And unfortunately, understanding how those checks work can be a little confusing. That’s where this article comes in. Today, we’re going to investigate how the executive branch of the U.S. government checks the judicial branch. To do this, we’ll: Define the three branches of government Examine how the judicial and executive branches operate Answer the question, â€Å"How does the executive branch check the judicial branch?† So let’s get started! The Three Branches of the United States Government When the United States was founded in 1776, the federal governmentor the government that governs all the states collectivelywas split into three branches with equal power: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. The idea behind splitting the government into three separate pieces was to make sure no one area of government held too much power. Remember: the United States broke away from England for many complex reasons, but a major factor was how much power the English government had over the original thirteen colonies. It’s no surprise, then, that the founding fathers were concerned about making sure that the federal government of the United States didn’t become as big and powerful as the English monarchy. Their solution was to create a three-part governing system where each branch could limit the power of the others. This is called a checks and balances system, which you can learn more about in our complete guide. For this article, though, let’s take a closer look at two of the three branches of U.S. government and see how the executive branch can check the judicial branch. The Judicial Branch: Definition and Explanation The judicial branch of the federal government is tasked with interpreting the laws, including Constitutional laws, which are created by the legislative branch. This happens through the court system, where attorneys bring cases before a judge (and sometimes jury). When a judge makes a ruling on a case, they are actually interpreting the law. That means they’re reading the laws and determining whether a defendant has actually broken them or not. In some federal cases, judges are actually evaluating the laws themselves to determine if they’re in violation of the constitution! For instance, in the famous case of Brown v. the Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that laws requiring the racial segregation of schools were unconstitutional. The U.S. Supreme Court While the U.S. judicial system is vastthere are both state and federal courts, each with different organizational hierarchiesthey both operate under the Supreme Court of the United States (or SCOTUS). Understanding what the Supreme Court is and how it operates is key to understanding how the executive branch can check the power of the judicial branch. You may have heard of the Supreme Court referred to as â€Å"the highest court in the land.† That’s because it’s the only part of the judicial branch that’s specifically required by the Constitution, though Congress determines the number of justices that serve as part of the Supreme Court. Currently, the court has nine justices, including one Chief Justice. The Supreme Court serves as the final say on all laws in the United States, and it also rules on Constitutional issues, too. The rulings of the Supreme Court directly affect how laws are interpreted, enacted, and upheld across the United States. Some of the most famous court rulings have done things like guarantee defendants the right to an attorney, legalized same-sex marriage, and invalidated laws preventing interracial marriages. So how does someone become a Supreme Court justice? (This is actually pretty important to understanding the executive-judicial checks and balances system.) First, they have to be nominated by the President, or the executive branch of government. The nominee then has to be approved by the majority vote of the Senate, which is a part of the legislative branch of government. Once appointed, justices serve on the court for the rest of their lives or until they voluntarily retire. Federal Appellate Courts But the Supreme Court isn’t the only federal court in the United States. Since the Supreme Court only hears 100 to 150 cases a year, most federal cases are heard and adjudicatedor decidedby the federal appellate courts. When a federal case goes to trial, it is heard in a U.S. District Court. That’s where prosecutors and defendants call witnesses to the stand, provide evidence, and try to prove their cases. After both sides present their cases, a judge or a jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The defendant, however, has the right to appeal the U.S. District Court’s decision. When a case is appealed, it’s heard in appellate court. There are thirteen appellate courts in the United States. Each of the 12 regional circuits of the federal court system has their own appellate court. The 13th court is known as the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Unlike the other appellate courtswhich only adjudicate cases from their regional circuitsthe United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has nationwide jurisdiction. Its job is to hear appeals on topics like patent law, veterans affairs, and international trade. So what do the appellate courts do? Well, it’s the job of the appellate court is to determine the outcome of an appeal (just as their name implies). Unlike the original trial, which involves hearing testimony and examining evidence, the appellate courts don’t retry cases or hear new evidence. Instead, the case is reviewed by a panel of three judges in order to determine a) whether the defendant received a fair trial and/or b) whether the correct law was applied appropriately. If a defendant wins their appealmeaning, if the appellate court rules in the defendant’s favorthe case goes back to trial court to be heard again. If the appellate court affirms, or upholds, the trial court’s decision, however, the original verdict stands. The appellate court is an important part of the federal court system, and it helps ensure that people receive fair trials. And just like Supreme Court justices, federal judgesincluding the appellate court judgesare appointed by the President of the United States. The Executive Branch: Definition and Explanation The executive branch of the United States government is the branch that makes sure the laws of the United States are obeyed. The executive branch is split into three major groups. The first is the presidency, which we’ll talk about in more depth in just a second. The second group is the U.S. Cabinet, which is a set of advisors appointed by the President to help guide him on issues facing different sectors of the United States. The cabinet is comprised of the Vice President and the heads of the 15 major federal agencies. The third group of the executive branch are the federal agencies themselves, which help enforce laws in different legal and economic areas of the United States. For example, the Department of Labor oversees the American workforce, which includes making sure work environments adhere to federal laws (OSHA) and administering federal disability programs for people who are injured and/or no longer able to work (OWCP). But because the President is the head of the executive branch, it gives them the most power to check the judicial branch. So let’s take a quick look at the powers of the United States presidency. The Presidency The President of the United States has eight major roles within the government of the United States. They are: Chief of State: The President represents the United States to the rest of the world. Chief Executive: The President is the head of the federal government. Commander-In-Chief: The President commands every branch of the armed forces, and generals report to the President. Chief Diplomat: The President sets the United States’ foreign policy and appoints diplomats/ambassadors. Legislative Leader: While the President cannot make laws, they can ask Congress to do so and/or veto existing legislation before it’s passed. Chief Administrator: The President leads the executive branch of government, which includes more than 2.7 civilian employees. The President also appoints people to different roles, which includes appointing federal judges and nominating Supreme Court justices. Chief of Party: While this role isn’t specifically outlined in the Constitution, in modern politics, the President also serves as the head of their political party. Chief Citizen: This role isn’t specifically outlined in the Constitution either, but as Chief Citizen, American citizens expect the President to represent their interests and provide strong leadership. The role that matters most in terms of the executive branch checking the judicial branch is Chief Administrator because it gives them the power to appoint judges to long-serving positions in the justice system. How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch? After reading the sections above, you’ve probably realized that the executive branch and judicial branch overlap...which is how the branches check each other’s power. Judicial-Executive Checks on Power Don’t worry, we’re going to get to know how the executive branch checks the judicial branch. But first, we need to take a short detour to explain how the judicial branch checks the executive branch. This will help things make more sense later. Since the judicial branch’s job is to interpret laws, they are constantly weighing in on laws signed into effect by the President (through their executive powers). Additionally, the judicial branch makes sure that the U.S. Constitution isn’t being violated. That means that members and departments of the executive branchincluding the Presidentcan be sued for violating their constitutional authority. For instance, when President Trump declared a state of national emergency to try and fund the building of a border wall, a watchdog group named Public Citizen filed a lawsuit against him. Their suit alleges that President Trump’s actions are unconstitutional, and now it’s the judicial system’s job to determine whether that’s true or not. If they rule against President Trump, it will serve as a check on his executive powers. Nick Youngson/The Blue Diamond Gallery Appointing Federal Judges It might seem as if the judicial branch has all the power over the executive branch. But that isn’t the case! One way the President checks judicial power is through his ability to appoint federal judges. Since the President is the Chief Administrator, it’s his job to appoint court of appeals judges, district court judges, and Supreme Court justices. There are more than 870 federal judgeships today, which means the President has their work cut out for them! It also gives the President quite a bit of power over how the justice system works. That’s because all federal judgeships are life terms, which means that once a judge is appointed, they serve in their position until a) they retire or b) they are impeached and removed from office due to misconduct. Once a judge leaves office, it’s the President’s job to appoint their replacement. That can really add upfor example, over the course of his presidency, former President Barack Obama appointed 334 judges, including two Supreme Court justices. Federal judges are an important part of the judicial process because they have the power of judicial review, which is the authority to interpret the Constitution. When a judge rules on a constitutional issue, their decision becomes legal precedent. Their ruling will now serve as the standard by which similar cases are judged. In fact, once a precedent is set, it’s uncommon for a court to rule against it. When Presidents appoint federal judges, they often consider both a judge’s pedigreeor their qualificationsalong with their position on key political issues. Often, Presidents appoint judges that share their ideas about how laws should work. This helps keep the judiciary in check, especially given that no party has ever held presidential power in the United States for more than 28 years (the Democratic-Republican Party held the presidency from 1801 to 1829). So how does this check judicial power? It means that Presidents can influence the political leanings of the federal court, and since judges serve a lifetime appointment, they can continue to impact the judiciary process long after a President steps down. For example, Judge George C. Young was appointed as a federal trial judge by President John F. Kennedy in 1961...and he served in office until 2015! The President nominates Supreme Court Justices. Justice Sonia Sotomayor was nominated by President Barack Obama. Nominating Supreme Court Justices The President’s ability to appoint federal judges is especially critical when it comes to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court only hears around 100 to 150 cases a year, but those cases change the ways laws are implemented across the country. For example, the Supreme Court’s ruling on Roe v. Wade in 1973 which made first- and second-trimester abortions legal in all 50 states. That ruling still stands and dictates law today, despite abortion being a hot-button political issue. Like we mentioned earlier, it’s the President’s job to nominate justices to the Supreme Court. The President often nominates judges who align with their political stances on critical issues. Because the Supreme Court is so powerful, the President’s nominations can have lasting impacts on the long-term political leanings of the Court. When the Supreme Court leans more liberal (or more conservative), it can impact how the Court rules on cases. For example, with the appointment of Justice Brett Kavanaugh in 2019, the Supreme Court now leans more conservative. The President’s power This effectively checks the judicial system by ensuring that the makeup of the Supreme Courtand its ideologyshifts from time. Every Thanksgiving, the President pardons a turkey. The President also has the power to pardon people, too. Pardon Power The last way that the executive branch checks the judicial branch is through the power of the pardon. Executive branch officials like state governors and the United States President can overturn convictions by the court. This only counts in cases where the criminal committed a crime against the state (in the case of a Governor’s pardon) or against the United States (in the case of a Presidential pardon). When a criminal is pardoned, their conviction is completely overturned and their record is expunged. That means it’s as if the crime was never committed in the first place! This allows the executive branch to check the judicial branch by ensuring that the judicial branch isn’t using its power unfairly. A good example of how the pardon power checks the judicial branch is the case of Patty Hearst. Patty Hearst was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for robbing a bank in 1974. But Hearst was also suffering from Stockholm Syndrome. She had been kidnapped and brainwashed by a militant organization months before the bank robbery. In 2001, President Bill Clinton granted her a full pardon, which absolved Hearst from any legal wrongdoing. What's Next? Now that you know more about the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the checks and balances system, it’s time to get to know the AP U.S. Government exam. Here’s our introductory guide to the AP U.S. Government exam that will help get your test prep off on the right foot. Not sure what to study? No problem. Here’s a compilation of the best AP U.S. Government notes to get you started. The AP U.S. Government exam has a section called the free response questions, or FRQs. They’re essentially short essay responses to prompts, and for many students, they’re one of the trickiest parts of the test. That’s why we’ve broken down how to answer them and earn top marks in our FRQ guide! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Ashley Robinson About the Author Ashley Sufflà © Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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The Aims Of Education In The Islamic World Religion Essay

The Aims Of Education In The Islamic World Religion Essay In any society, education is a major vehicle for the transmission of ideas, attitudes, and beliefs. This means that control over educational content and access to classrooms can become valuable commodities in a conflict. Education, and especially the teaching of history, can perpetuate negative judgments about the other, engendering hostility and aggression among the young, and firing up the fever to go to war. But educational content and teaching approaches can also provide powerful means to change these attitudes, to promote tolerance and a willingness to settle conflicts without resort to violence. In order to increase the capacity of the educational sector to promote conflict prevention, peacemaking and post-conflict reconciliation it has to enhance the ability of teachers and scholars to incorporate peace education and conflict management into curriculum and classes many institutes, both Islamic and others, mostly under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO  [1]  , all work together with the main objective to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms. Under its current Education for All campaign, it conducts research and runs programs in countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South and Southeast Asia. The United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) advocates and works for the protection of childrens rights to h elp the young meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential. Among other programs, they have developed peace education programs in a number of countries, including Afghanistan and Indonesia. The mission of the Association of Arab Universities is to enhance cooperation among universities in the Arab world. It is associated with central governments through their respective ministries of education. (www.aaru.edu.jo). Islam has, from its inception, placed a high premium on education and has enjoyed a long and rich intellectual tradition. Knowledge (ilm) occupies a significant position within Islam, as evidenced by the more than 800 references to it in Islams most revered book, the Koran. The importance of education is repeatedly emphasized in the Koran with frequent injunctions, such as God will exalt those of you who believe and those who have knowledge to high degrees, O my Lord! Increase me in knowledge and As God has taught him, so let him write. Such verses provide a forceful stimulus for the Islamic community to strive for education and learning. Islamic education is uniquely different from other types of educational theory and practice largely because of the all-encompassing influence of the Koran. The Koran serves as a comprehensive blueprint for both the individual and society and as the primary source of knowledge. The advent of the Koran in the seventh century was quite revolutionary for the predominantly illiterate Arabian society. Arab society had enjoyed a rich oral tradition, but the Koran was considered the word of God and needed to be organically interacted with by means of reading and reciting its words. Hence, reading and writing for the purpose of accessing the full blessings of the Koran was an aspiration for most Muslims. Thus, education in Islam unequivocally derived its origins from a symbiotic relationship with religious instruction. HISTORY OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION This was the way, Islamic education began. Pious and learned Muslims (mu allim or mudarris), dedicated to making the teachings of the Koran more accessible to the Islamic community, taught the faithful in what came to be known as the kuttÄ b (plural, katÄ tÄ «b). The kuttÄ b could be located in a variety of venues: mosques, private homes, shops, tents, or even out in the open. Historians are uncertain as to when the katÄ tÄ «b were first established, but with the widespread desire of the faithful to study the Koran, katÄ tÄ «b could be found in virtually every part of the Islamic empire by the middle of the eighth century. The kuttÄ b served a vital social function as the only vehicle for formal public instruction for primary-age children and continued so until Western models of education were introduced in the modern period. Even at present, it has exhibited remarkable durability and continues to be an important means of re ligious instruction in many Islamic countries. The curriculum of the kuttÄ b was primarily directed to young male children, beginning as early as age four, and was centered on Koranic studies and on religious obligations such as ritual ablutions, fasting, and prayer. The focus during the early history of Islam on the education of youth reflected the belief that raising children with correct principles was a holy obligation for parents and society. As Abdul Tibawi wrote in 1972, the mind of the child was believed to be like a white clean paper, once anything is written on it, right or wrong, it will be difficult to erase it or superimpose new writing upon it. The approach to teaching children was strict, and the conditions in which young students learned could be quite harsh. Corporal punishment was often used to correct laziness or imprecision. Memorization of the Koran was central to the curriculum of the kuttÄ b, but little or no attempt was made to analyze and discuss the meaning of the text. Once students had me morized the greater part of the Koran, they could advance to higher stages of education, with increased complexity of instruction. Western analysts of the kuttÄ b system usually criticize two areas of its pedagogy: the limited range of subjects taught and the exclusive reliance on memorization. The contemporary kuttÄ b system still emphasizes memorization and recitation as important means of learning. The value placed on memorization during students early religious training directly influences their approaches to learning when they enter formal education offered by the modern state. A common frustration of modern educators in the Islamic world is that while their students can memorize copious volumes of notes and textbook pages, they often lack competence in critical analysis and independent thinking. During the golden age of the Islamic empire (usually defined as a period between the tenth and thirteenth centuries), when western Europe was intellectually backward and stagnant, Islamic scholarship flourished with an impressive openness to the rational sciences, art, and even literature. It was during this period that the Islamic world made most of its contributions to the scientific and artistic world. Ironically, Islamic scholars preserved much of the knowledge of the Greeks that had been prohibited by the Christian world. Other outstanding contributions were made in areas of chemistry, botany, physics, mineralogy, mathematics, and astronomy, as many Muslim thinkers regarded scientific truths as tools for accessing religious truth. Gradually the open and vigorous spirit of enquiry and individual judgment (ijtihad) that characterized the golden age gave way to a more insular, unquestioning acceptance (taqlid) of the traditional corpus of authoritative knowledge. By the thirteenth century, according to Aziz Talbani, the ulama (religious scholars) had become self-appointed interpreters and guardians of religious knowledge.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ learning was confined to the transmission of traditions and dogma, and [was] hostile to research and scientific inquiry. The mentality of taqlid reigned supreme in all matters, and religious scholars condemned all other forms of inquiry and research. Exemplifying the taqlid mentality, Burhà ¤n al-Din al-Zarnà ¼ji wrote during the thirteenth century, Stick to ancient things while avoiding new things and Beware of becoming engrossed in those disputes which come about after one has cut loose from the ancient authorities. Much of what was written after the thirteenth century lacked originality, and it consisted mostly of commentaries on existing canonical works without adding any substantive new ideas. The lethal combination of taqlid and foreign invasion beginning in the thirteenth century served to dim Islams preeminence in both the artistic and scientific worlds. Despite its glorious legacy of earlier periods, the Islamic world seemed unable to respond either culturally or educationally to the onslaught of Western advancement by the eighteenth century. One of the most damaging aspects of European colonialism was the deterioration of indigenous cultural norms through secularism. With its veneration of human reason over divine revelation and its insistence on separation of religion and state, secularism considered by many as anathema to Islam, in which all aspects of life, spiritual or temporal, are interrelated as a harmonious whole. At the same time, Western institutions of education, with their pronounced secular/religious dichotomy, were infused into Islamic countries in order to produce functionaries to feed the bureaucratic and administrative needs of the state. The early modernizers did not fully realize the extent to which secularized education fundamentally conflicted with Islamic thought and traditional lifestyle. Religious education was to remain a separate and personal responsibility, having no place in public education. If Muslim students desired religious training, they could supplement their existing education with moral instruction in traditional religious schools-the kuttab. As a consequence, the two differing education systems evolved independently with little or no official interface. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION 3.1. Problems in Islamic Schools Before proceeding further, and in order to have a better understanding of the Aims Islamic Education it is better to first examine the problems facing the contemporary Islamic schools in the Western World. Generally these are: No Adaab or Islamic etiquette or behaviour Parents want teachers to be lenient Some girls and boys meet secretly in the basement. They have girl-friends and boy-friends. They do smoke. Profanity is written on the walls, desks, blackboards, etc. Behave roughly: laughing, talking, screaming, rip off their Hijab on the buses. Discipline: Behaviour is no different from the Public Schools. Teachers are not fair. Spoiled kids as their parents are rich or important. Less school activities for girls. Little opportunity to interact with other students. Islamic schools are running without an Islamic curriculum, often without a syllabus. No textbooks. No qualified and trained teachers or certified teachers. (Quality in education is not possible without good teachers.) Those who attend Muslim high schools do not fare better in college. Non-Muslim teachers who are qualified and certified. (Live-in boyfriend rejects institution of marriage. Wear tight and revealing outfit. Promote gay agenda, anti-religion agenda, or insensitive to Islamic values and events) Qualified and certified Muslim teachers work in Public schools. As Islamic schools do not offer viable salaries, benefits (pension health benefits, etc.) When they leave Islamic schools and graduate from colleges, some of them, they do marry non-Muslims as the Muslim community and their parents have exerted zero influence on them. Chronic shortage of space, science labs, auditoriums, gyms, playgrounds, libraries, bathrooms. High turnover rate (30 to 40 percent annually) of teachers. Parents fear Islamic schools trade off academics for Islamic environment. Organization, planning and discipline -suffer most in Islamic schools. Governance is the big reason why most Islamic schools suffer Do not develop an autonomous and unique decision-making (governance) structure School Boards require training in how to run a school School Boards rarely include women Parents do not play a part in Governance structure No qualified administrators Some parents worry Islamic schools offer an inferior quality of education. Children are not prepared to face competitiveness and the challenges of the modern world. Seriously lacking in Muslim literature and culture. For many Muslim families, Islamic schools are not affordable. In sparse Muslim population areas, Islamic schools are not financially viable. Very few trained Muslim teachers in special education or none The Arabic language has three terms for education, representing the various dimensions of the educational process as perceived by Islam. The most widely used word for education in a formal sense is talim, from the root alima (to know, to be aware, to perceive, to learn), which is used to denote knowledge being sought or imparted through instruction and teaching. Tarbiyah, from the root raba (to increase, to grow, to rear), implies a state of spiritual and ethical nurturing in accordance with the will of God. Tadib, from the root aduba (to be cultured, refined, well-mannered), suggests a persons development of sound social behavior. What is meant by sound requires a deeper understanding of the Islamic conception of the human being. Education in the context of Islam is regarded as a process that involves the complete person, including the rational, spiritual, and social dimensions. As noted by Syed Muhammad al-Naquib al-Attas in 1979, the comprehensive and integrated approach to education in Islam is directed toward the balanced growth of the total personalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦through training Mans spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings and bodily sensesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦such that faith is infused into the whole of his personality. In Islamic educational theory knowledge is gained in order to actualize and perfect all dimensions of the human being. From an Islamic perspective the highest and most useful model of perfection is the prophet Muhammad, and the goal of Islamic education is that people be able to live as he lived. Seyyed Hossein Nasr wrote in 1984 that while education does prepare humankind for happiness in this life, its ultimate goal is the abode of permanence and all education points to the permanent world of eternity. To ascertain truth by reason alone is restrictive, according to Islam, because spiritual and temporal reality are two sides of the same sphere. Many Muslim educationists argue that favoring reason at the expense of spirituality interferes with balanced growth. Exclusive training of the intellect, for example, is inadequate in developing and refining elements of love, kindness, compassion, and selflessness, which have an altogether spiritual ambiance and can be engaged only by processes of spiritual training. Therefore Education in Islam is twofold: acquiring intellectual knowledge (through the application of reason and logic) and developing spiritual knowledge (derived from divine revelation and spiritual experience). According to the worldview of Islam, provision in education must be made equally for both. Acquiring knowledge in Islam is not intended as an end but as a means to stimulate a more elevated moral and spiritual consciousness, leading to faith and righ teous action. EDUCATION OF MUSLIM CHILDREN CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Education is the birth right of every Muslim and Muslimah. Islam puts considerable emphasis on its followers to acquire knowledge. Investment in education is the best investment one can make, because it eventually leads to intellectual property. Intellectual property is the intangible property, which no one can steal or destroy. This is the property on which no Government can levy a tax. It was as a result of application of knowledge that Muslims were the superpower of the world for twelve centuries.   Today, globally Muslims have the lowest literacy rate. Education of Muslim children in the west has both opportunities and challenges.   In the Western World the purpose of education is to provide for the economic prosperity of a nation. At a personal level the purpose of education is to acquire academic and professional skills that enable one to earn a respectable living with riches and fame, and also a luxurious and comfortable life. For a Muslim providing economic prosperity of a nation does not contradict his/her Islamic beliefs, however focusing the goals of education solely for the purpose of money making is unpalatable. Muslims want to impart Islamic education. The vast majority of Muslims think that Islamic education means acquiring Islamic religious knowledge-study of Quran, Arabic, Hadith, Sunnah, Seerah, Fiqh, Islamic history, and allied subjects. As a matter of fact, in the present world broadly speaking we have two types of Muslims: a) those who have followed the Western type of education, or secular education, and b) those who have acquired Deeni or Islamic education. In the twentieth century, due to colonialism and Western influence, Muslim parents concentrated on imparting only Secular education to their children. The weak or not so bright students were sent to Deeni (religious) Madrasas (schools) in their own countries or to one of the Middle Eastern countries. The Muslims who immigrated to Western countries became aware of their religious identity and wanted to impart both Islamic and Secular education, what is now known as Integrated Education. When they lacked the numbers and resources, they sent their children to public schools during the week and to the Islamic schools in the Mosque or Islamic Centre during the weekends. As their numbers grew and acquired sufficient resources, they have opened full-time Islamic Schools from kindergarten to 12th grade (senior or final year) in High School.  [2]  It takes about two to three years of full-time study to become a Hafeez. During this time the student takes an equivalent to sabbatical leave from his or her public or parochial school.   The greatest objective of education is to prepare the young generation for leadership. Islamic education is of course has the highest objective, and more than that can hardly be imagined. The aim of Islamic education is Character building. Growth and development of an Islamic personality should be the final goal of any Islamic School. Islamic values are the foundation of the Islamic personality. For Muslims the educational aim is to develop the personalities of children to the end that they will be conscious of their responsibility to God (the Creator) and to fellow humans. The aims and objectives of Islamic education have been defined in the Recommendation of the Committee of the First World Conference on Muslim Education as: Education should aim at the balanced growth of the total personality of man through training of the human spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings and senses. The training imparted to a Muslim must be such that faith is infused into the whole of his/her personality and creates in him/her an emotional attachment to Islam and enables him to follow the Quran and Sunnah and be governed by Islamic system of values willingly and joyfully so that he/she may proceed to the realization of his/her status as Khalifatullah to whom God has promised the authority of the universe. There is a need to prepare the younger generation having leadership quality and not to be the followers of alien ideologies but to play the role of torchbearer by their excellence in knowledge, character, and positive action. Some scholars believe that this quality can be developed in Muslim youth by a direct study of the Quran with a view to solve the problems of life in its light. A program of action to bring up the younger generation for leadership has not yet been formulated.