Definition and Examples of Agreement in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Agreement in English Grammar In syntax, understanding is the correspondence of an action word with its subject face to face and number, and of a pronoun with its precursor face to face, number, and gender. Another expression for syntactic understanding is harmony. Essential Principles In English, understanding is generally constrained. It happens between the subject of a proviso and a current state action word, so that, for example, with a third-individual particular subject (for example John), the action word must have the - s addition finishing. That is, the action word concurs with its subject by having the proper closure. In this way, John drinks a great deal is syntactic, however John drink a ton isnt linguistic as a sentence all alone, on the grounds that the action word doesnt concur. Understanding likewise happens in English among demonstratives and things. An expressive needs to concur in number with its thing. So with a plural thing, for example, books, you need to utilize a plural these or those, giving these books or those books. With a solitary thing, for example, book, you utilize a particular either, giving this book or that book. This books or those book would be ungrammatical in light of the fact that the decisive doesnt concur with the noun.â€Jame R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994 Monitoring Details Understanding is a significant procedure in numerous dialects, however in current English it is pointless, a remainder of a more extravagant framework that prospered in Old English. If it somehow happened to vanish altogether, we would not miss it, anything else than we miss the comparable - est addition in Thou sayest. In any case, mentally, this ornament doesn't come modest. Any speaker focused on utilizing it needs to monitor four subtleties in each sentence expressed: And this work is required just to utilize the addition once one has learned it.â€Steven Pinker, The Language Instinct. William Morrow, 1994 regardless of whether the subject is as an outsider looking in or not: He strolls versus I walk.whether the subject is particular or plural: He strolls versus They walk.whether the activity is current state or not: He strolls versus He walked.whether the activity is constant or going on right now of talking (its angle): He strolls to class versus He is strolling to class. Precarious Nouns A few things are ordinarily utilized with particular action words albeit plural in structure: Some things are generally plural in use, despite the fact that naming something singular.â€Patricia Osborn, How Grammar Works. John Wiley, 1989 news, governmental issues, financial matters, games, molassesnouns that express a given time, weight, or measure of energytitles of books, papers, TV programs, even of plural formHis pants were old and torn.The bubbles are practically down the drain.Scissors are an incredible invention.The substance were destroyed. Models Numerous canines are made restless by uproarious noises.An on edge hound can't center and keep up attention.Dogs and felines are the most well-known pets.A hound and a feline are in our house.Usually, either the pooch or the feline is in my room.Abandoning a pooch or a feline is terribly untrustworthy. Models and Observations Bill Bryson The director was one of those individuals who are so for all time and exhaustively focused on that even their hair and garments have all the earmarks of being confounded Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid. Broadway Books, 2006 James Van Fleet I have perused insights that show just five out of each 100 individuals become monetarily fruitful. By the retirement age of 65, just one of these individuals is really wealthy.â€Hidden Power. Prentice-Hall, 1987 Maxine Hong Kingston She brought back another lady, who wore a comparable uniform with the exception of that it was pink cut in white. This womans hair was gotten together into a lot of twists at the rear of her head; a portion of the twists were fake.â€The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. Alfred A. Knopf, 1976 Chime Hooks Women's activist activists must stress the types of intensity these ladies exercise and show ways they can be utilized for their benefit.â€Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, second ed. Pluto Press, 2000 Understanding in Radio TR: I dont know. Understanding folks dont mean you should live with them. SS: Lester... TR: What? SS: Understanding folks doesnt mean you should live with them. TR: Thats what I said. SS: Lester, subjects, and action words must be in understanding. The subject of that sentence isn't folks, its comprehension, and comprehension, which is an ing word, coincidentally, is solitary and it takes a particular action word. TR: I got no thought what youre talking about.â€Tom Keith and Sue Scott in English Majors. A Prairie Home Companion, May 18, 2002

Overview of Marketing and Branding Products of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited free essay sample

The right use of these Lubricants of right quality guarantees delayed and inconvenience free vehicle activity, giving most extreme advantages to the clients of present day current vehicles. Review In accordance with the financial advancement in India, Lubricants was the primary downstream Petroleum item to be completely deregulated with impact from 1991. From that point forward countless players National, MNCs just as Global Players have entered the Indian Lubricants showcase. In spite of working in an absolutely serious condition, BPCLs Lubricants SBU has been enlisting a development in grease deals consistently over the recent years. In 2007-08, a general development of 10% has been enrolled, with a sound turnover of Rs. 1680 crores (approx USD 350 million). In 1998, we re-propelled our Lubricants in new alluring packs, for the most part in Automotive class with three significant brands portraying each fragment Mak for Diesel Engine oils, Automol for Petrol Engine oils and Glide for Two/Three wheelers(mainly 2T at that point). We will compose a custom exposition test on Diagram of Marketing and Branding Products of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the year 2003, we chose to go for Umbrella Brand-MAK Lubricants, in ensuing years, marked all our modern evaluations with MAK. Retail Channel Our center quality is our retail outlet arrange the nation over, this involves around 7530 retail outlets. Our Lubes SBU have attempted different activities in co-appointment with Retail Business to develop our business volume through this channel. Activities embraced by the SBU are setting up of Hero Honda City Works, Tata Authorized Service Station (TASS) and establishment of Quick Oil Change Machines at retail outlets. Bazaar Channel With a system of 190 PLDs, 600 MAK Garages and MAK Mobile Vans built up to improve reach and infiltration in country and unrepresented zones of MAK Brand, the SBU could reach to the last mile most definitely! We keep on improving our image perceivability over the system and there by expanding our piece of the pie over the sections. Mechanical Channel Large number of esteemed clients has been added during the year to our previously existing lofty client list. We are additionally providers of starting motor oil fill to TATA Motors, TVS, and Hero Honda and so forth. We additionally hold decent portion of Railway and Defense business. Framework The Lube Plants at Wadilube (Mumbai), Budge (Calcutta), Loni (Delhi) and Tondiarpet (Chennai) have composed themselves as affectionate groups to amplify levels of creation and dispatch. The Plant at Wadilube is an ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 amp; OHSAS 18001:2007 confirmed Plant. As a major aspect of the continuous upgrades in bundling, the new arrangement of bundles grew totally in-house have been presented. Different activities To help the business activities, a significant push has been given to improving BPCL’s item offering and expands its market nearness. The new Ramp;D Center at Sewree, Mumbai, has built up various new items in the car and modern classifications. Towards higher perceivability, generous ventures have been made in rejuvenating the brands through item quality and bundle enhancements. The whole dispersion framework has been redone with the arrangement of Supply Chain Management office to guarantee that items are all the more advantageously accessible and particularly noticeable in the market cost. Selective marked Lube Shoppes have been opened everywhere throughout the nation to improve our scope, just as numerous imaginative amp; flighty strategies are being utilized to make brand mindfulness particularly in the diesel oils fragments. Another significant activity has been to arrive at the items to the provincial populace through the tie-up with ITC †e-choupal organize which has spread the MAK brand the nation over in country territories too. As of now this system is accessible in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh and is probably going to reach out to different states additionally presently. MAK likewise left on another push territory of enlisting carports the nation over in the system of â€Å"MAK Garages† there by offering normalized assistance over the system. This activity not just rovides open door for the carports to upgrade their business opportunity yet additionally gives an affirmation to the end clients that their vehicles are getting the correct sort of ointments. Brand Ambassador To advance MAK brand among the young and improve the brand perceivability, MAK joined M. S. Dhoni as Brand diplomat in the year 2006. The ascent of MAK brand in the brains of the shoppers just as piece of the overall industry harmonized with the ascent of Dhoni additionally, who today is the Youth symbol of the year and furthermore the Captain of the Indian group for all forms of the game †like MAK being the â€Å"Champion of All Engines†. BPCL is certain that it will keep on putting forth considerable and continued attempts with proper speculations, cooperative energies business between channels, improve quality and amount norms, put resources into Ramp;D for new item advancement and forcefully manufacture the brands to bring about boosting the worth expansion for both the business and its clients. Innovative work Vision To make a focal point of specialized greatness for Product amp; Application Development through quest for information and cultivating innovativeness/advancement to be a pacesetter and accomplish cost authority in oil industry. Presentation The Research amp; Development Center at Sewree, Mumbai was set up in 1983 and perceived by Department of Scientific amp; Industrial Research, MoSamp;T. The Ramp;D Center has profoundly gifted and experienced Scientists amp; Engineers equipped for creating different sorts of oil items, inventively, utilizing present day innovation. It is outfitted with best in class hardware/offices for testing of ointments, oils and fills other than certain apparatus amp; execution tests required for growing new oils just as redesigning the current items on nonstop premise.

A Busy Day . . . COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A Busy Day . . . COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Today is sure to be a busy day.   Last year close to three hundred people submitted applications on the deadline day and close to 1,000 submitted applications in the five days leading up to the deadline. My staff and I are committed to answering questions as quickly as we are able and as a reminder, email is the best way to reach us (sipa_admission@columbia.edu).   We left last night and the email account was caught up and upon turning on the computer this morning it was filled with messages again.   This is a good thing and do please use our email account if you have questions. To me keeping our email box clean is almost like a video game, but instead of racking up points our goal is to get to zero as in zero messages in our in box.   We will continue to do our best and appreciate your patience as we try to keep up. If you have not, it would be a great idea to review the past 5 entries on this blog they provide a great summary of the processing in our office and should put you at ease concerning submission and tracking of information. As a reminder, it may be up to 10-15 days before we send you a message letting you know that your application has been completed for forwarding to the Admissions Committee.   This is normal and we just ask that you keep checking the application site and make sure the address sipa_admission@columbia.edu is added to your safe sender list. We manually check each application and if we need any additional information we will contact you via email.   As much as we understand that applicants want immediate responses to questions about the receipt of documents, the massive volume we are dealing with right now does not allow us to perform searches for individual documents. We have a sort of assembly line set up and we are working as quickly as we can. Thanks for your patience and we look forward to completing all of the applications submitted.

Important Aspects Of Teaching And Coaching - 1325 Words

Important Aspects of Teaching and Coaching When a sports highlight of a great play showcasing teamwork is watched on a highlight reel, what is the immediate reaction, that play was amazing. Great teams make great plays and often those successful plays transpire to playing field or court due to many hours of practice, handwork, repetition and dedication. Those plays didn’t just miraculously happen. Someone had to draw the game plan up and then figure out the most innovative way instill that play and game plan while catering to all of the attributes and learning abilities of their athletes in order to maximize on those abilities and talents. The same goes for classroom instruction. Teachers have the monumental task of understanding the social, cultural and cognitive behaviors of all their students. Teachers and coaches have to continue to remain flexible and be open to changes in teaching theories and techniques. The first line of education other than what is learned at the student’s home is from a teacher and a c oach. It is highly important for teachers and coaches to be prepared and ready to shape these minds positively and to prepare students to be productive members in society. Coaching and teaching have many aspects in common and one helps augment the other nicely. Can you remember the first time something was taught to you or the first time that you remember that you learned something? It could have been learning how to walk, riding your bike, fishing or dribbling aShow MoreRelated What it takes to become a coach Essay examples1100 Words   |  5 Pages When I think of coaching I think of practice planning, game planning, scouting strategizing of offense and defense, choosing my starters, little things like that. All of those ideas are valid, but that’s not the whole picture. There is a lot more to coaching than planning for a practice or a game. Many times a person who would like to coach an interschool athletic team has little or no preparation to teach sports skills and tech niques. The only qualifications is often the person’s participationRead MoreTeaching Is The Process Of Developing A Physically Literate Individual1294 Words   |  6 PagesIn my own opinion, teaching is the process of developing a physically literate individual with the ability to carry out the physically active lifestyle through-out their life. According to NASPE Resource Brief Quality of Physical Education, the definition of teaching is: by having a quality physical education program that provides learning opportunities, appropriate instruction, meaningful and challenging content, and student and program assessment. In addition, a quality physical education improvesRead MoreSports Can Be A Fantastic Activity For Children1419 Words   |  6 Pagesplayers, not teaching properly, and worries more about winning than the love of the game. 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As tutors We want our graduates to leave us equipped with all the skills, knowledge and experience they need to lead fulfilling careers and personal lives. Creating a stimulating and supportive environment helps them to thrive in every way – fromRead MoreThe Career Road Map Assignment Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesor to different storefronts. But through his connections in the sport industry, he moved into coaching and counselling at lafayette high school after he got his masters in counselling. I hope to do something of the sort with a graduate degree in either business administration, or physical education. Daniel told me, â€Å"although the requirements and majors are important for your career, it is super important to network and make connections with a lot of people. In nowadays society, it is all about whoRead MoreRookie Sensation : A Game Of Discipline And Individuals Who Exhibit Success1091 Words   |  5 Pageswork ethic, applicable skills that translates to life, convene with other athletes with common goals, and meet successful professionals who used sports as means to success. Camp Overview The basic premise for the camp hails from Aubrey Malphurs, â€Å"Coaching is helping people discover what they could not discover on their own, so they can become what they want to become.† The Rookie Sensation will bring in the coaches throughout the nation and puts them to the test. Some of the best coaches have impactedRead MoreShould Sports Be Banned?1647 Words   |  7 Pagespositive manner, and feel as if they are being controlled, and treated unfairly. This results in a disinterest on the athlete’s part, as they no longer enjoy Poor Coaching Aids Poor Prosperity 3 participating in sports due to the negative environment being constructed by the overbearing coaches. This type of â€Å"drill sergeant† coaching is all too familiar in youth sports. The coach typically runs practices and games in a strict, no-nonsense fashion. Players who make a mistake are benched or

Fahrenheit 451- a Critical Review - 4221 Words

EN3110 - NOVEL FAHRENHEIT 451 – CRITICAL RESPONSE In Fahrenheit 451, Beatty exists as a paradoxical character which has a profound knowledge from the books he burnt but is still against the keeping of these intellectual products. Skillfully, Ray Bradbury has built up the important villain through whose arguments we can look at more aspects of the existence of books in our society, or generally the maintenance of knowledge. In the conversation between Beatty and The Montags, the fireman captain has indicated his opinions about the increasing focus on speed in the society, â€Å"redundancy† and perils of reading, â€Å"necessity† of censorship and ways to keep Man happy. These are also the thematic†¦show more content†¦We may notice that, Beatty has exaggerated about the time a person can save if he uses zipper instead of a button. Definitely, it cannot take as long as an hour every morning just to button up his clothes. However, we may find that the idea in his argument was also used when zippers were introduce d or advertised. To some extents, we can consider this as a shrewd observation from Ray Bradbury. In fact, Beatty’s arguments convey one of the author’s concerns about the modern societies. Buttoning is the traditional way to fasten clothes while zipping is a modern way. Generally speaking, people have skipped more things than just a button. Traditions and customs have been mostly left out, and technology is usually blamed for this omission. However, from this point of view, if we do not follow Beatty’s logic, we are more likely to interpret the symbolism of zipper and button in another way. The reason why men turned their back to the traditions, things that they regards as obsolete and â€Å"slow†, is not that they become more advanced, but that men would like to choose easier ways and shortcuts to achieve their goals, whereas they may forget other more important values than speed on their way. Thus, it is the focus on speed of the society that causes th e technology to advance, yet destroy the core of our civilization – the ability to think and the practice of thinking. â€Å"The mind drinks less and less. Impatience. Highways fullShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 : The Burning Truth1149 Words   |  5 PagesAbdulmalik Alnagadi Doctor Clare Little Humanities 142 Aug/7/2014 â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†: The Burning Truth Introduction Fahrenheit 451 is the actual temperature at which paper catches fire. The story by Ray Bradbury represents a social criticism that alarms individuals against the risk of suppressing their feelings due to restrictions. 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Analyzing Development and Change in the Media Industries Free Essays

string(172) " enables the company to achieve an initial understanding of where to focus their attentions and perhaps which actionable plans must be considered to resolve the situation\." Every good analyst or researcher must grasp the importance of using various analytical tools as well as visual aids to comprehend various dilemmas faced by companies. In the case of BBC we must use various analytic tools to provide an overview of the situation being faced by BBC in 2001. Holistically, we must examine all changes and aspects of BBC in 1999 and 200. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyzing Development and Change in the Media Industries or any similar topic only for you Order Now The below visual aid, Diagram A, is a representation of some financial highlights. This aid is a creation from data provided in the case study, and uses a pivot table in excel to illustration the percentage changes per financial highlight. The chart below this diagram reflects the actual numerical change and percentage change be they negative or positive. You can see that operating profits have dropped considerably from 1999 to 2000 a full 25%. For a company like BBC this is a huge loss. In addition, turnover has increased both worldwide as well as on a group level. Via this statistical analysis, it can be verified that the company is suffering from employee disgruntlement and decrease in ratings. In terms of using analysis to determine a solution, the company needs also to provide a break-even analysis and sensitivity analysis to determine at which point the company is making an adequate profit margin as well as a range of probabilities that a decision or alternative decision is acceptable. (Case Study, BBC). Initially we shall look at why producing it own programmes might be a source of conflict for BBC. BBC has over time and experience developed into one of the world’s leading broadcasters and programme makers. Renowned for its emphasis on high quality, accuracy of reporting stories, and neutrality BBC must recognize that this must be upheld as it produces its own programmes. In all fairness, BBC has the responsibility of pursuing all stories without regard to who or what is paying it. Revenue that is generated should not be based upon the payer’s expectations but on the equality and justification for the story. BBC is faced with these aspects as it produces its own programmes because ‘the hand that feeds it’ might not be supportive of particular stories or reporting. In addition, as BBC is part of the print industry via its own magazine it must retain its revenue why printing stories that interest its clientele. This financial situation guides BBC as it modernizes and uses new technology to present stories in an interesting manner. In its effort to preserve its reputation for accuracy and impartiality, BBC’s management structure had also come under scrutiny. Managers who had been recruited or hired from outside the firm might not have had the company’s philosophy or accepted the company’s historic approach to accuracy. Producing programmes in-house might have the manager’s external influences associated with its handling of stories. Bureaucratic tendencies might stifle creativity and invoke change away from the BBC value system. This might in turn lead consumers to believe that impartiality, accuracy, and fairness has been compromised on BBC’s part. (Case Study, BBC). Secondly, we shall examine why competing for ratings with other television channels is obviously a huge area of conflict for BBC. In the modern world, there are many channels ranging from your basic channels to cable to direct tv. These massive amount of channels have a tendency to give much choice to consumers. BBC needs to focus on surveying and determining exactly what the consumer desires to see. Stories need to continue to be accurate but also contain new skills of reporting and a different manner of creative thinking in order to compete for ratings. The case study relates how the 1990 Broadcasting Act required both ITV and BBC companies to have at least 25% of its programmes from the independent sector. As this situation occurred, morale among employees and prices dropped due to redundant stories and broadcastings. Ratings were also adversely affected by the company seeing and recognizing that its news could no â€Å"longer be tailored to fit its overseas listeners and would take on a London bias. This was overcome by retaining the dedicated newsroom already based in Bush House. † In general, this is always a threat to their ratings should they fail to consider oversea listeners’ interests and expectations. (Case Study, BBC). Finally, being a global provider is an area of conflict for BBC because like stated above the company needs to retain ratings from its oversea and global listeners. In order to be successful at this it needs to tailor its stories without losing its listeners in London as well. Because globally there are different manners of communicating, the company also needs to focus on external suppliers to produce TV content which is interactive, online sites which are user-friendly and informative, and strategically position itself to have a well-organized and structured organization. Global expectations also call for having search engines, a website which is efficient to navigate through, video and audio streaming, voting applications, and audience management (website, opta). Question 3: How should the decision making process be followed in order to make good decisions to respond to the situation faced by the BBC in 2001? In order to adequately address this concern I must first iterate upon the importance and significance of the decision making process. This process itself consists of a variety of step-by-step action plan which should be adhered to. As these steps are laid out I will indicate how BBC needs to or has responded during each of these steps. Furthermore, I will distinguish if these steps have ensured that BBC is making good decisions about responding to the dilemmas facing the company in 2001. Depending on how well the company is handling these steps deems its success or failure level. So, the first step of the decision making process is identifying the problem. By identifying the problem the analyzer can ‘put a name’ or ‘face’ to the situation. This enables the company to achieve an initial understanding of where to focus their attentions and perhaps which actionable plans must be considered to resolve the situation. You read "Analyzing Development and Change in the Media Industries" in category "Papers" For BCC, their chief problems lie in deciding how much authority and responsibility it should invest in other companies creating its programmes, how much should BBC compete for its ratings as a public service broadcaster, and to what level should BBC act as a global provider. To identify the problem they need to find the source of the problem. In this case, the source of the problem lies in the license fee and the government’s control of its programmes. Having identified the problem, you can focus on focusing on the problem versus the ‘symptoms’ of it. This focus allows BBC to specify objectives and set decision criteria or requirements which can aid in selecting a solution. By selecting decision criteria BBC can decide which methods it might undertake to rectify the situations that they are facing. For instance, BBC’s commercial services found itself forced to produce its own magazine containing its own programme listings. It saw that it could either remain out of the print industry, ignore that other newspapers were refusing to publish details on its programs, or decide to supplement their own earnings by creating the BBC Enterprising LTD (BBC Worldwide). This also gave them a foothold in seeing a strong increase in its revenue and sales. For 2001, the company saw that past performances of inefficiency and losing audiences in the face of rapid increase in cable channels was threatening its prosperity. In the decision making process it began to develop suitable alternatives. Depending on the nature or significance of the problem, selecting an alternative or even listing out alternatives requires must analysis. By listing out alternatives, BBC can see a variety of them as well as produce creative alternatives which can either be simple or complex. One alternative is for BBC is to ignore the problem. By ignoring it, BBC can save money and time on implementations or changes; but it can lose the rest of its consumer loyalty or its ratings. In addition, management would not recognize modernization, new markets, new technologies, and the need for improved consumer interests. Furthermore, cost effectiveness would continue to be a problem as increased competition from digital, cable, and satellite channels continued to prosper. Lastly, by ignoring the situation the current employee disgruntlement would remain and turnover would continue to occur (Stevenson 70-73). This turnover is a true loss of talent and experience. In general, this alternative is not logical nor practical. In fact, BBC should develop alternatives which limit the growth of management, reorganize the structure, seek to overcome restrictions to their licensing fee agreement, focus on surveying what the consumer wishes to listen too, and determine what times to air their shows. Programmes could continue to be contracted out to get new and various coverage points and view points. Another alterative would be to have more in-house services or from the private sector in order to be financially more competitive. By tailoring their programming to what the consumer wanted and scheduling those programmes in the periods that consumers would watch, there would be an increase in ratings and audience figures. This general analysis and comparison of alternatives allows the company to brainstorm which best practice or solution is most effective. Financial number crunching and comparative analysis to other competitive firms would also be wise. At this point, BBC should select its best alternative. In this case, ignoring the situation is not practical. Deciding to continue with government handling is not proactive or financially secure. So, it should select to adhere to focus on increasing ratings and audience figures. External consultants and internal representatives should hash out any such details about complying with the licensing fee agreements while focusing on modern complications and how to overcome them. By adopting a different method of funding to replace and subsidize its income, it can overcome these dilemmas. At this point in its decision making process, BBC would have to implement the decided upon alternative after having a report listing out the pros, cons, financial rewards, and financial pitfalls should it not do so. In addition, a SWOT analysis should be completed of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of proceeding with the alternative (Stevenson 70-73). The decision-making process for BBC does not end at implementing the final and chosen alternative. Instead, the company must monitor, critique, and evaluate the alternative as it is carried out to ensure that the results are being obtained. A little adjustments here and there can be made to guarantee the company is going in the right direction. Consumers can be surveyed, employee constructive feedback can be requested, financial reports should be comparing the quarters at all times, and management should be fully aware of all aspects. All in all, this is a very time consuming process which requires much awareness and preparedness for BBC. Question 4: Does Government policy constrain the ability of the BBC to respond to its situation in 2001? If so, explain how. It is obvious through the case study, that government policy is indeed constraining the ability of BBC to respond to its situation in 2001. This is occurring because there is a system of the licensing fee. BBC is dependent on the government of each period to determine if and how it is to continue its programming as well as how much funding is to be made available to it. As the political climate was favoring deregulation and a free market place, BBC found itself in a position where its license fee revenue was decreasing (Case Study, BBC). The company was being encouraged to consider venturing into commercial avenues in order to supplement its income while continuing to pay an extraordinary amount to continue to hold onto its license. These fees were continuing to increase each year, as multi-channel competition between providers increased. Works Cited: Case Study: The BBC. BA in Business Studies Website: Opta Creating New Businesses: Case-Studies-Media. Retrieved March 29, 2007. http://www. opta. com/who_we_serve_casestudies_media_print. htm Stevenson, William J. Production and Operations Management. Fourth Edition. Von Hoffman Press. 1993 How to cite Analyzing Development and Change in the Media Industries, Papers

English Language Learners Essay Example For Students

English Language Learners Essay Tracie Allen of the comedy team of Burns and Allen was once asked how one should speak French. She replied, Well, you speak it the same way you speak English; you just use different words. When trying to assist in instructing English language learners, they usually have many concepts and language abilities that they need to master, as do the teachers that are trying to teach them. With the incorporation of the concepts and approaches to identify and assess the issues and concerns that we have learned in our classroom instruction, such as lesson preparation, building background, and comprehensible input, we can indeed teach our future English language learners all the right moves with all the right words. One of the first challenges that ELL instructors must come to terms with is the identification and assessment of their students learning capabilities in their classroom. Traditional identification instruments designed for English speakers may not be valid with English language learners. Identification of English language learners with special needs should include consideration of several factors, such as family history, developmental and health history, first language and literacy development, previous schooling, and the learners current academic ability, just to name a few. Learning in any language is affected by learning disabilities, but second language learners with special needs present additional educational challenges. According to the British Columbia Ministry of Education, Skills, and Training (Fowler Hooper, 1998), instructors of English language learners with special needs should consider the cultural, developmental, and first language background of the learner. They should also do the following: (1. ) Provide a highly structured learning environment; (2. ) Focus on contextual learning; Build on learners prior knowledge; (4. ) Provide constant review; (5. ) Simplify language; (6. ) Build other skills while developing English. The use of standardized testing to identify and assess the progress of English language learners with special needs is problematic. Normally designed for native English speakers, many assessment instruments do not reliably assess speakers of other languages because they ignore differences among linguistic and cultural groups (Schwarz Burt, 1995). Assessment of English language learners with special needs should include the following: (1. ) Consideration of cultural and developmental information; (2. Collaboration of parents, teachers, counselors, psychologists, speech/language pathologists, and ESL specialists: (4. ) Determination of first language proficiency; (5. ) Examination of assessors cultural assumptions and expectations; and (6. ) Continual revision of the assessment instruments and procedures used. Because procedures are not in place in many schools and school districts to successfully determine academic placement of English language learners, many of these learners are so metimes placed inappropriately. Some who do not need special services (other than English as a second language) may find themselves in special education classes. Others who need special services may be placed in regular classes without the extra supports and services that they need. Working with English language learners and with students requiring special education services requires collaboration among teachers, school psychologists, speech pathologists, and assessment personnel with expertise in general, bilingual, and special education. By incorporating these important and critical procedures in our planning processes, these collaborations in the identification and assessment of English language learners can be a less stressful and more constructive process. A second issue that ELL instructors must contend with is NCLB testing requirements, which involve legal as well as academic understanding. Under Title I and Title III of the law, districts must also annually (in kindergarten through grade 12) assess ELLs in English language proficiencycovering reading, writing speaking and listening. Title III also requires that the assessment cover comprehension. The U. S. Department of Education has indicated that comprehension can be demonstrated through reading and listening, so the same assessment may be used to meet the requirements of both titles of the law. ELLs must also be included in the state assessment system. However, during their first year of enrollment in U. S. schools, ELLs are not required by the law to take the reading/English language arts assessment. During this first year of enrollment in U. S. chools, they must take an English proficiency assessment and, if the state desires, will also participate in the reading/English language arts assessment. As an accommodation, ELLs may take the reading/English language arts state assessment in their native language for three to five years. States are only required to develop and administer native language assessments to the extent practicable. Other accommodations include: small group administration, extra time or f lexible scheduling, simplified instructions, dictionaries, recorded native language instructions, and letting students record responses in their native language. Madame Bovary Essay ThesisVerification should be provided of the appropriateness of the schools curriculum, the qualifications and experience of the teacher, and the appropriateness of instruction provided to the student (continuity, proper sequencing, the teaching of prerequisite skills. ) Documentation of the childs problems across settings should also be included, along with evidence that the childs difficulties are present in both languages, and that he or she has not made satisfactory progress despite having received competent instruction. However, because many of these children are losing or have not fully developed first language skills, it may be difficult to ascertain that the learning difficulty exists across languages. The assessment and placement process is not a simple task. Legal requirements can cause difficulties for districts or schools seeking to implement procedures for assessing LEP (limited English proficiency) children. These requirements can be complex or require a certain level of prior knowledge or expertise. The misdiagnosis of LEP students for special education has led to a number of lawsuits and court orders (Diana v. California State Board of Education). Fear of litigation by school districts can lead to the under-identification of minority pupils in special education. Data collected by the California State Department of Education (CSDE) pupil count verifies the trend of shifting from over-identification of minorities in special education to under-identification. (Vasquez-Chairez, 1988). Bergin (1980) maintains that students from culturally and linguistically different backgrounds are subjected to various forms of bias. In the past, such bias led to referring LEP students to special education for reasons other than those making them eligible for special services. It is the objective of fair and appropriate assessment to document any potential difficulties and then to differentiate between those due to intrinsic disorders and those due to cultural and linguistic differences and other intrinsic factors. Only through this process can the appropriate assessment, identification, and programming of exceptional LEP students versus nonexceptional LEP students be accomplished. As the great writer Glenn Hubbard once noted, Preparation for education is relentless. As young ELLs enroll in preschool and primary school programs in record numbers, educators must continually strive to provide effective, nurturing environments and developmentally and linguistically appropriate instruction for all learners. This instruction should take into consideration the characteristics of young English language learners and their language development, the learning conditions that are most effective for these learners, and the kinds of instruction that best meet their needs.